PublicationsScientific Papers

Kinsey, C., et al. A Versatile Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography Charged Aerosol Detection Method for Streamlined Monitoring of QS-21 Content and Stability in Liposomal Adjuvant Formulations. https:// doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15002275/v1. Posted on 21 April 2026 (this preprint has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary)

This study introduces a novel, versatile liquid chromatography method coupled with charged aerosol detection (LC-CAD) for the reliable quantification and stability monito...
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Fang, A., et al. A model-based prion vaccine protects a transgenic mouse line carrying a Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease mutation. Acta Neuropathol, 2026 Apr 17, 151(1):41. PMID: 41995880

This paper introduces a novel, structure-based prion vaccine that effectively targets the infectious form of the prion protein (PrP^Sc) by mimicking its disease-specific ...
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Sia, Z.R., et al. Preparing Adjuvanted Nanoliposomes for Applications Toward Recombinant Influenza Vaccine Development. Bio Protoc, 2026 Apr 5, 16(7):e5662. PMID: 41971165

This paper, closely related to the previous one, presents a novel platform for developing recombinant influenza vaccines using adjuvanted nanoliposomes that incorporate s...
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Li, Q., et al. Quillaja saponaria fraction QS-18 as an adjuvant for liposomal seasonal influenza vaccines. NPJ Vaccines, 2026 Apr 28, PMID: 42049779

This study presents a pioneering evaluation of QS-18, an abundant fraction from Quillaja saponaria, as a vaccine adjuvant within liposomal formulations for seasonal influ...
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Gotham, D., et al. Understanding adjuvant supply chains for new TB and malaria vaccines. Vaccine, 2026 Apr 22, 82:128609. PMID: 42025104

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the global supply chain for Quillaja-derived saponin adjuvants, notably QS-21, which are pivotal components in several rec...
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Padilla, L., et al. The challenge of one billion adjuvanted vaccine doses: evaluating scalability, sustainability, and supply capacity of Quillaja saponin QS-21 for large-scale vaccine demand. Front Immunol, 2026 Apr 17, 17:1813847. PMID: 42079571

This original paper from Desert King provides a comprehensive evaluation of the scalability, sustainability, and supply capacity of QS-21, a highly potent saponin adjuvan...
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Bai, D., et al. Impact of Side Chain Structure and Aglycon Carbonyl Group on the Immunostimulatory Activities of Semisynthetic Saponin Adjuvants. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci, 2026 Feb 20, 9(3):706-715, PMID: 41852640

The saponin QS-21, derived from Quillaja saponaria, has been clinically successful in vaccines due to its ability to elicit robust humoral and cellular immunity, exemplif...
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Luo, Z., et al. Developing a Next-Generation Vaccine Adjuvant System through Rational Design to Alleviate AS01 Adjuvant Deficiency. J Med Chem, 2026 Mar 19, PMID: 41855509

This research addresses the critical need to improve vaccine adjuvants, which are essential for enhancing immune responses in subunit vaccines. While AS01 has demonstrate...
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