Huis In ’t Veld, L. G., et al. Saponin-based adjuvant uptake and induction of antigen cross-presentation by CD11b+ dendritic cells and macrophages.

NPJ Vaccines, 2025 Jan 22, 10(1):15. PMID: 39843492.

The paper presents several key findings regarding saponin-based adjuvants (SBAs), particularly focusing on their mechanism of action and efficacy in enhancing immune responses. It promotes QS-21, a natural saponin derived from Quillaja Saponaria and emphasizes its unique adjuvant properties. The study advocates for further exploration and utilization of QS-21 in vaccine development, particularly for its ability to improve the efficacy of non-live attenuated virus vaccines and cancer immunotherapies.

SBAs are specifically taken up by MHCII low CD11b high bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and macrophages. This uptake occurs primarily through clathrin-mediated endocytosis, leading to the formation of lipid bodies and translocation of antigens to the cytosol. The study demonstrates that SBAs induce cross-presentation in dendritic cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages, which is crucial for activating CD8+ T cells. This cross-presentation is essential for generating strong cellular immune responses.

SBAs outperform traditional adjuvants, such as aluminum-based adjuvants, in inducing CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. Initial clinical trials using SBAs have shown an acceptable safety profile and clinical benefits, with enhanced responses observed for both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes in patients. This paper supports the potential of SBAs in immunotherapy and vaccine strategies.

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